プログラミングEmacs Lisp

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Emacs Lispプログラミング入門

これはプログラマー以外の人を対象としたEmacs Lispプログラミング入門です。



Distributed with Emacs version 27.2.50.


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このマスターメニューではまず各チャプターとインデックス、その後に各チャプターのノードをリストしてあります。

• Preface  What to look for.
• List Processing  What is Lisp?
• Practicing Evaluation  Running several programs.
• Writing Defuns  How to write function definitions.
• Buffer Walk Through  Exploring a few buffer-related functions.
• More Complex  A few, even more complex functions.
• Narrowing & Widening  Restricting your and Emacs attention to a region.
• car cdr & cons  Fundamental functions in Lisp.
• Cutting & Storing Text  Removing text and saving it.
• List Implementation  How lists are implemented in the computer.
• Yanking  Pasting stored text.
• Loops & Recursion  How to repeat a process.
• Regexp Search  Regular expression searches.
• Counting Words  A review of repetition and regexps.
• Words in a defun  Counting words in a defun.
• Readying a Graph  A prototype graph printing function.
• Emacs Initialization  How to write a .emacs file.
• Debugging  How to run the Emacs Lisp debuggers.
• Conclusion  Now you have the basics.
• the-the  An appendix: how to find reduplicated words.
• Kill Ring  An appendix: how the kill ring works.
• Full Graph  How to create a graph with labeled axes.
• Free Software and Free Manuals  
• GNU Free Documentation License  
• Index  
• About the Author   


 — The Detailed Node Listing —



Preface
• Why  Why learn Emacs Lisp?
• On Reading this Text  Read, gain familiarity, pick up habits....
• Who You Are  For whom this is written.
• Lisp History  
• Note for Novices  You can read this as a novice.
• Thank You   

List Processing
• Lisp Lists  What are lists?
• Run a Program  Any list in Lisp is a program ready to run.
• Making Errors  Generating an error message.
• Names & Definitions  Names of symbols and function definitions.
• Lisp Interpreter  What the Lisp interpreter does.
• Evaluation  Running a program.
• Variables  Returning a value from a variable.
• Arguments  Passing information to a function.
• set & setq  Setting the value of a variable.
• Summary  The major points.
• Error Message Exercises   

Lisp Lists
• Numbers Lists  List have numbers, other lists, in them.
• Lisp Atoms  Elemental entities.
• Whitespace in Lists  Formatting lists to be readable.
• Typing Lists  How GNU Emacs helps you type lists. 

The Lisp Interpreter
• Complications  Variables, Special forms, Lists within.
• Byte Compiling  Specially processing code for speed. 

Evaluation
• How the Interpreter Acts  Returns and Side Effects...
• Evaluating Inner Lists  Lists within lists... 

Variables
• fill-column Example  
• Void Function  The error message for a symbol without a function.
• Void Variable  The error message for a symbol without a value. 

Arguments
• Data types  Types of data passed to a function.
• Args as Variable or List  An argument can be the value of a variable or list.
• Variable Number of Arguments  Some functions may take a variable number of arguments.
• Wrong Type of Argument  Passing an argument of the wrong type to a function.
• message  A useful function for sending messages. 

Setting the Value of a Variable
• Using set  Setting values.
• Using setq  Setting a quoted value.
• Counting  Using setq to count. 

Practicing Evaluation
• How to Evaluate  Typing editing commands or C-x C-e causes evaluation.
• Buffer Names  Buffers and files are different.
• Getting Buffers  Getting a buffer itself, not merely its name.
• Switching Buffers  How to change to another buffer.
• Buffer Size & Locations  Where point is located and the size of the buffer.
• Evaluation Exercise   

How To Write Function Definitions
• Primitive Functions  
• defun  The defun macro.
• Install  Install a function definition.
• Interactive  Making a function interactive.
• Interactive Options  Different options for interactive.
• Permanent Installation  Installing code permanently.
• let  Creating and initializing local variables.
• if  What if?
• else  If–then–else expressions.
• Truth & Falsehood  What Lisp considers false and true.
• save-excursion  Keeping track of point and buffer.
• Review  
• defun Exercises   

Install a Function Definition
• Effect of installation  
• Change a defun  How to change a function definition. 

Make a Function Interactive
• Interactive multiply-by-seven  An overview.
• multiply-by-seven in detail  The interactive version. 

let
• Prevent confusion  
• Parts of let Expression  
• Sample let Expression  
• Uninitialized let Variables   

The if Special Form
• if in more detail  
• type-of-animal in detail  An example of an if expression. 

Truth and Falsehood in Emacs Lisp
• nil explained  nil has two meanings. 

save-excursion
• Point and mark  A review of various locations.
• Template for save-excursion   

A Few Buffer-Related Functions
• Finding More  How to find more information.
• simplified-beginning-of-buffer  Shows goto-char, point-min, and push-mark.
• mark-whole-buffer  Almost the same as beginning-of-buffer.
• append-to-buffer  Uses save-excursion and insert-buffer-substring.
• Buffer Related Review  Review.
• Buffer Exercises   

The Definition of mark-whole-buffer
• mark-whole-buffer overview  
• Body of mark-whole-buffer  Only three lines of code. 

The Definition of append-to-buffer
• append-to-buffer overview  
• append interactive  A two part interactive expression.
• append-to-buffer body  Incorporates a let expression.
• append save-excursion  How the save-excursion works. 

A Few More Complex Functions
• copy-to-buffer  With set-buffer, get-buffer-create.
• insert-buffer  Read-only, and with or.
• beginning-of-buffer  Shows goto-char, point-min, and push-mark.
• Second Buffer Related Review  
• optional Exercise   

The Definition of insert-buffer
• insert-buffer code  
• insert-buffer interactive  When you can read, but not write.
• insert-buffer body  The body has an or and a let.
• if & or  Using an if instead of an or.
• Insert or  How the or expression works.
• Insert let  Two save-excursion expressions.
• New insert-buffer   

The Interactive Expression in insert-buffer
• Read-only buffer  When a buffer cannot be modified.
• b for interactive  An existing buffer or else its name. 

Complete Definition of beginning-of-buffer
• Optional Arguments  
• beginning-of-buffer opt arg  Example with optional argument.
• beginning-of-buffer complete   

beginning-of-buffer with an Argument
• Disentangle beginning-of-buffer  
• Large buffer case  
• Small buffer case   

Narrowing and Widening
• Narrowing advantages  The advantages of narrowing
• save-restriction  The save-restriction special form.
• what-line  The number of the line that point is on.
• narrow Exercise   

car, cdr, cons: Fundamental Functions
• Strange Names  A historical aside: why the strange names?
• car & cdr  Functions for extracting part of a list.
• cons  Constructing a list.
• nthcdr  Calling cdr repeatedly.
• nth  
• setcar  Changing the first element of a list.
• setcdr  Changing the rest of a list.
• cons Exercise   

cons
• Build a list  
• length  How to find the length of a list. 

Cutting and Storing Text
• Storing Text  Text is stored in a list.
• zap-to-char  Cutting out text up to a character.
• kill-region  Cutting text out of a region.
• copy-region-as-kill  A definition for copying text.
• Digression into C  Minor note on C programming language macros.
• defvar  How to give a variable an initial value.
• cons & search-fwd Review  
• search Exercises   

zap-to-char
• Complete zap-to-char  The complete implementation.
• zap-to-char interactive  A three part interactive expression.
• zap-to-char body  A short overview.
• search-forward  How to search for a string.
• progn  The progn special form.
• Summing up zap-to-char  Using point and search-forward. 

kill-region
• Complete kill-region  The function definition.
• condition-case  Dealing with a problem.
• Lisp macro   

copy-region-as-kill
• Complete copy-region-as-kill  The complete function definition.
• copy-region-as-kill body  The body of copy-region-as-kill. 

The Body of copy-region-as-kill
• last-command & this-command  
• kill-append function  
• kill-new function   

Initializing a Variable with defvar
• See variable current value  
• defvar and asterisk   

How Lists are Implemented
• Lists diagrammed  
• Symbols as Chest  Exploring a powerful metaphor.
• List Exercise   

Yanking Text Back
• Kill Ring Overview  
• kill-ring-yank-pointer  The kill ring is a list.
• yank nthcdr Exercises  The kill-ring-yank-pointer variable. 

Loops and Recursion
• while  Causing a stretch of code to repeat.
• dolist dotimes  
• Recursion  Causing a function to call itself.
• Looping exercise   

while
• Looping with while  Repeat so long as test returns true.
• Loop Example  A while loop that uses a list.
• print-elements-of-list  Uses while, car, cdr.
• Incrementing Loop  A loop with an incrementing counter.
• Incrementing Loop Details  
• Decrementing Loop  A loop with a decrementing counter. 

Details of an Incrementing Loop
• Incrementing Example  Counting pebbles in a triangle.
• Inc Example parts  The parts of the function definition.
• Inc Example altogether  Putting the function definition together. 

Loop with a Decrementing Counter
• Decrementing Example  More pebbles on the beach.
• Dec Example parts  The parts of the function definition.
• Dec Example altogether  Putting the function definition together. 

Save your time: dolist and dotimes
• dolist  
• dotimes   

Recursion
• Building Robots  Same model, different serial number ...
• Recursive Definition Parts  Walk until you stop ...
• Recursion with list  Using a list as the test whether to recurse.
• Recursive triangle function  
• Recursion with cond  
• Recursive Patterns  Often used templates.
• No Deferment  Don’t store up work ...
• No deferment solution   

Recursion in Place of a Counter
• Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2  
• Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4   

Recursive Patterns
• Every  
• Accumulate  
• Keep   

Regular Expression Searches
• sentence-end  The regular expression for sentence-end.
• re-search-forward  Very similar to search-forward.
• forward-sentence  A straightforward example of regexp search.
• forward-paragraph  A somewhat complex example.
• Regexp Review  
• re-search Exercises   

forward-sentence
• Complete forward-sentence  
• fwd-sentence while loops  Two while loops.
• fwd-sentence re-search  A regular expression search. 

forward-paragraph: a Goldmine of Functions
• forward-paragraph in brief  Key parts of the function definition.
• fwd-para let  The let* expression.
• fwd-para while  The forward motion while loop. 

Counting: Repetition and Regexps
• Why Count Words  
• count-words-example  Use a regexp, but find a problem.
• recursive-count-words  Start with case of no words in region.
• Counting Exercise   

The count-words-example Function
• Design count-words-example  The definition using a while loop.
• Whitespace Bug  The Whitespace Bug in count-words-example. 

Counting Words in a defun
• Divide and Conquer  
• Words and Symbols  What to count?
• Syntax  What constitutes a word or symbol?
• count-words-in-defun  Very like count-words-example.
• Several defuns  Counting several defuns in a file.
• Find a File  Do you want to look at a file?
• lengths-list-file  A list of the lengths of many definitions.
• Several files  Counting in definitions in different files.
• Several files recursively  Recursively counting in different files.
• Prepare the data  Prepare the data for display in a graph. 

Count Words in defuns in Different Files
• lengths-list-many-files  Return a list of the lengths of defuns.
• append  Attach one list to another. 

Prepare the Data for Display in a Graph
• Data for Display in Detail  
• Sorting  Sorting lists.
• Files List  Making a list of files.
• Counting function definitions   

Readying a Graph
• Columns of a graph  
• graph-body-print  How to print the body of a graph.
• recursive-graph-body-print  
• Printed Axes  
• Line Graph Exercise   

Your .emacs File
• Default Configuration  
• Site-wide Init  You can write site-wide init files.
• defcustom  Emacs will write code for you.
• Beginning init File  How to write a .emacs init file.
• Text and Auto-fill  Automatically wrap lines.
• Mail Aliases  Use abbreviations for email addresses.
• Indent Tabs Mode  Don’t use tabs with TeX
• Keybindings  Create some personal keybindings.
• Keymaps  More about key binding.
• Loading Files  Load (i.e., evaluate) files automatically.
• Autoload  Make functions available.
• Simple Extension  Define a function; bind it to a key.
• X11 Colors  Colors in X.
• Miscellaneous  
• Mode Line  How to customize your mode line. 

Debugging
• debug  How to use the built-in debugger.
• debug-on-entry  Start debugging when you call a function.
• debug-on-quit  Start debugging when you quit with C-g.
• edebug  How to use Edebug, a source level debugger.
• Debugging Exercises   

Handling the Kill Ring
• What the Kill Ring Does  
• current-kill  
• yank  Paste a copy of a clipped element.
• yank-pop  Insert element pointed to.
• ring file   

The current-kill Function
• Code for current-kill  
• Understanding current-kill   

current-kill in Outline
• Body of current-kill  
• Digression concerning error  How to mislead humans, but not computers.
• Determining the Element   

A Graph with Labeled Axes
• Labeled Example  
• print-graph Varlist  let expression in print-graph.
• print-Y-axis  Print a label for the vertical axis.
• print-X-axis  Print a horizontal label.
• Print Whole Graph  The function to print a complete graph. 

The print-Y-axis Function
• print-Y-axis in Detail  
• Height of label  What height for the Y axis?
• Compute a Remainder  How to compute the remainder of a division.
• Y Axis Element  Construct a line for the Y axis.
• Y-axis-column  Generate a list of Y axis labels.
• print-Y-axis Penultimate  A not quite final version. 

The print-X-axis Function
• Similarities differences  Much like print-Y-axis, but not exactly.
• X Axis Tic Marks  Create tic marks for the horizontal axis. 

Printing the Whole Graph
• The final version  A few changes.
• Test print-graph  Run a short test.
• Graphing words in defuns  Executing the final code.
• lambda  How to write an anonymous function.
• mapcar  Apply a function to elements of a list.
• Another Bug  Yet another bug … most insidious.
• Final printed graph  The graph itself!

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